Top 100 Maritime Shipping Terms and Phrases Every Professional Should Know

The maritime industry is a vast and complex field with its own unique language, encompassing everything from vessel classifications to specialized operational terms. Understanding the terminology is essential for anyone involved in shipping, whether you’re a deck officer, a logistics manager, or a maritime lawyer. This glossary will guide you through the most commonly used shipping and maritime phrases, helping you navigate contracts, operations, and regulations with ease. Here are 100 terms, explained in detail:

1. Demurrage ⏳💸

Definition: A fee charged to the charterer of a ship for failing to load or unload cargo within the agreed time frame.
Example: “If the cargo isn’t fully offloaded by Friday, we’ll incur demurrage charges of $5,000 per day.”
Explanation: Demurrage is essentially a penalty for delays in port. If cargo isn’t loaded or discharged within the agreed laytime, the charterer must compensate the shipowner for the idle time. It incentivizes efficiency and prevents long delays at ports.

2. Laytime ⏱️⚓

Definition: The amount of time allowed to load or unload cargo without incurring demurrage.
Example: “We’ve been given 72 hours of laytime to discharge the cargo, so we need to stay on schedule.”
Explanation: Laytime refers to the specific period outlined in the charter party (the shipping contract) during which loading or unloading must occur. If the process takes longer, demurrage fees will apply. It’s crucial for keeping operations smooth and predictable.

3. Bunker Fuel ⛽🚢

Definition: The fuel used to power a ship’s engines.
Example: “We need to refuel with bunker fuel before setting sail to ensure we have enough for the voyage.”
Explanation: Bunker fuel is the thick, heavy fuel oil stored in the ship’s bunkers, used to power its engines. It’s a critical part of a ship’s operations, and managing fuel costs is one of the biggest financial concerns for shipping companies.

4. Bill of Lading 📜🚢

Definition: A legal document issued by the carrier to the shipper, acknowledging receipt of cargo for shipment.
Example: “Make sure the Bill of Lading is signed and ready before the cargo is loaded onto the vessel.”
Explanation: The Bill of Lading serves as a receipt for the cargo, a contract of carriage, and a document of title. It’s one of the most important documents in shipping, detailing the nature of the cargo, destination, and the terms under which it will be delivered. It’s used by the shipper, the carrier, and the consignee.

5. Charter Party ✍️🛳️

Definition: A contract between a shipowner and a charterer specifying the terms for renting a ship or its cargo space.
Example: “We’ve signed the charter party, and the ship will be ready for loading next week.”
Explanation: A charter party outlines the specific details of how and when a ship will be used, including laytime, freight rates, and the responsibilities of both parties. There are different types of charter agreements, such as time charters and voyage charters, depending on how long the ship is being hired for.

6. Draft ⚖️⚓

Definition: The vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the ship’s hull (keel).
Example: “The draft is too deep to enter this port, so we’ll need to offload some cargo first.”
Explanation: The draft measures how much of the ship is submerged in water, which affects the ship’s ability to navigate shallow waters. It’s an important factor when planning port entries, ensuring ships don’t run aground.

7. Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) ⚖️🚢

Definition: The total weight a ship can carry, including cargo, fuel, crew, provisions, and ballast, without sinking below the waterline.
Example: “This ship has a deadweight tonnage of 50,000, which limits how much cargo we can load.”
Explanation: Deadweight tonnage represents a ship’s carrying capacity. It doesn’t include the weight of the ship itself, only the cargo and other necessities. DWT is a critical measurement for determining how much a ship can safely carry.

8. Freight Forwarder 📦✈️🚢

Definition: A company that arranges the shipment of goods on behalf of importers or exporters.
Example: “We’ve hired a freight forwarder to handle the customs paperwork and logistics for the cargo.”
Explanation: Freight forwarders act as intermediaries between shippers and carriers, handling logistics, customs clearance, and transportation arrangements. They make the shipping process easier by managing multiple aspects of the supply chain.

9. Gross Tonnage (GT) ⚖️

Definition: A measurement of a ship’s overall internal volume, not related to its weight.
Example: “This vessel has a gross tonnage of 100,000, making it one of the largest in the fleet.”
Explanation: Gross tonnage is used to measure a ship’s size based on its internal volume, including all enclosed spaces. It’s often used to determine regulatory fees, port duties, and safety requirements.

10. Ballast Water 💧⚓

Definition: Water taken into a ship’s ballast tanks to maintain stability and balance.
Example: “Before entering port, we need to discharge the ballast water according to environmental regulations.”
Explanation: Ballast water is pumped into a ship’s tanks to help stabilize it, especially when it’s not carrying cargo. However, discharging ballast water is heavily regulated because it can introduce invasive species into new environments.

11. Hatch Cover 🚢🛠️

Definition: A cover used to close the hatch (opening) on the deck of a ship where cargo is loaded and unloaded.
Example: “Ensure the hatch covers are securely fastened before we head out to sea.”
Explanation: Hatch covers protect cargo from the elements and prevent water from entering the cargo hold. They’re crucial for keeping goods dry and safe during transport.

12. TEU (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit) 📦🚢

Definition: A unit of measurement for cargo capacity, based on the dimensions of a standard 20-foot shipping container.
Example: “The vessel has a capacity of 10,000 TEU, which allows it to carry thousands of containers.”
Explanation: TEU is a standardized measurement used to quantify the cargo capacity of container ships. It simplifies cargo logistics by providing a common reference point for shipping containers of varying sizes.

13. Breakbulk Cargo 🚛⚓

Definition: Cargo that is loaded individually, rather than in containers, and often consists of large, heavy items.
Example: “We’re transporting breakbulk cargo, including machinery and construction materials.”
Explanation: Breakbulk cargo refers to items that can’t be easily containerized, such as large machinery, vehicles, or industrial equipment. These are loaded directly onto the ship using cranes or forklifts.

14. Bill of Exchange 📄💼

Definition: A written, unconditional order by one party (the drawer) directing another party (the drawee) to pay a specified sum of money to a third party (the payee).
Example: “The shipper submitted a bill of exchange to ensure payment for the goods upon delivery.”
Explanation: In maritime trade, a bill of exchange facilitates international transactions by guaranteeing payment once the cargo reaches its destination, reducing the financial risk for exporters.

15. Dry Dock 🛠️🚢

Definition: A narrow basin or vessel where ships are repaired or maintained, with the ability to be drained of water.
Example: “The ship will go into dry dock next week for hull repairs and maintenance.”
Explanation: Dry docks are used for the maintenance and repair of a ship’s hull, propellers, and other submerged components. When in dry dock, water is removed, allowing workers to access parts of the ship that are normally underwater.

16. FCL (Full Container Load) 📦🚛

Definition: A shipping method where the entire container is filled with cargo from one shipper.
Example: “We’ve booked an FCL shipment to ensure our goods are handled separately from others.”
Explanation: FCL refers to shipping cargo that fills an entire container. It’s generally used when a shipper has enough goods to warrant using a whole container, offering more control over the shipment and reducing handling.

17. LCL (Less than Container Load) 📦📦🚢

Definition: A shipping method where cargo from multiple shippers is consolidated into a single container.
Example: “We’re shipping LCL since we don’t have enough goods to fill a whole container.”
Explanation: LCL is cost-effective for smaller shipments that don’t require an entire container. Multiple shipments are consolidated into one container, and each shipper pays for the space their cargo occupies.

18. On-Hire/Off-Hire ⏳🛳️

Definition: The moment a ship starts or finishes its charter period.
Example: “The vessel will go on-hire at 12:00 p.m. once it arrives at the port.”
Explanation: These terms refer to when a ship begins or ends its charter contract. “On-hire” is when the ship becomes the responsibility of the charterer, while “off-hire” marks the end of that responsibility.

19. P&I (Protection and Indemnity) Insurance 🛡️📄

Definition: A form of mutual insurance provided by a P&I club that covers liabilities incurred by shipowners, including crew claims, environmental damage, and cargo damage.
Example: “Our P&I insurance will cover any liabilities related to the crew or cargo.”
Explanation: P&I insurance is essential for shipowners, as it covers a wide range of risks not included in standard hull and machinery insurance. It’s typically provided by P&I clubs, which are mutual associations of shipowners.

20. Knot (Speed) 🌬️⚓

Definition: A unit of speed used in maritime and aviation, equal to one nautical mile per hour.
Example: “The ship is cruising at 15 knots, which is ideal for fuel efficiency.”
Explanation: Knots are the standard measurement of speed at sea, used to determine how fast a ship is traveling over water. One knot equals approximately 1.15 miles per hour (or 1.85 kilometers per hour).

21. Port of Call 🛳️⚓

Definition: A port where a ship stops during its voyage, either to load or unload cargo or for other operational reasons.
Example: “Our next port of call is Singapore, where we’ll discharge half the cargo.”
Explanation: A port of call is a designated stop in a ship’s voyage plan. Ships may stop to take on supplies, refuel, or load and unload cargo before continuing their journey.

22. Manifest 📄🚢

Definition: A detailed list of a ship’s cargo, including information about the cargo’s type, quantity, and destination.
Example: “Ensure the manifest is accurate before submitting it to customs.”
Explanation: The manifest is a key document in maritime shipping, listing everything that’s onboard. It’s used for customs clearance and tracking the movement of goods during the voyage.

23. Reefer ❄️🚢

Definition: A refrigerated ship or container used for transporting temperature-sensitive cargo like food or pharmaceuticals.
Example: “The goods need to be shipped in a reefer to maintain the required temperature.”
Explanation: Reefer containers and ships are essential for transporting perishable goods over long distances. They maintain controlled temperatures to prevent spoilage during transport.

24. Draft Survey ⚖️⚓

Definition: A method of calculating the weight of cargo on a ship by measuring how much the ship sinks in the water after loading.
Example: “We’ll conduct a draft survey to determine the exact weight of the cargo.”
Explanation: A draft survey is a quick and practical way to estimate the weight of cargo, especially when weighing large quantities like bulk materials.

25. Voyage Charter ⛴️📜

Definition: A contract where a ship is hired for a single voyage, and the shipowner agrees to transport specific cargo between designated ports.
Example: “We’ve signed a voyage charter for the shipment of coal from Australia to Japan.”
Explanation: A voyage charter is one of the most common types of charter agreements, where the ship is hired for one trip, and payment is based on the cargo carried and the distance traveled.

26. Pilot 🚤⚓

Definition: A maritime professional who boards a vessel to navigate it through difficult or congested waters, usually near a port or through a channel.
Example: “The pilot will guide us through the narrow channel to ensure safe passage.”
Explanation: Pilots are highly skilled in local waters and are required in many ports to ensure that large vessels safely navigate into and out of harbors.

27. Stowage Plan 🗺️📦

Definition: A detailed plan that shows how cargo will be arranged and loaded on the ship for safety, efficiency, and balance.
Example: “We need to finalize the stowage plan to avoid shifting of the cargo during transit.”
Explanation: Proper stowage is critical for maintaining a ship’s stability and ensuring efficient loading and unloading of cargo. The plan helps prevent cargo damage and ensures safety at sea.

28. Load Line 🌊⚓

Definition: A marking on a ship’s hull indicating the maximum depth to which a ship can be legally loaded. Also known as the Plimsoll line.
Example: “We can’t load beyond the Plimsoll line, or we risk fines and safety violations.”
Explanation: The load line ensures the ship isn’t overloaded, which could compromise safety. It marks the legal limit for safe loading in different water conditions.

29. Salvage 🛟🚢

Definition: The act of rescuing a ship, its cargo, or property from peril at sea, often in exchange for a reward.
Example: “The salvage operation successfully recovered the stranded vessel and its cargo.”
Explanation: Salvage refers to the process of saving a ship or its cargo from danger, whether from a storm, grounding, or sinking. Salvage operations are often complex and may involve specialized vessels and crews.

30. Cargo Manifest 📋🚚

Definition: A detailed document that lists all the cargo being transported on a ship, along with information about each item’s origin, destination, and quantity.
Example: “The cargo manifest needs to be submitted to customs before we can unload the containers.”
Explanation: The cargo manifest is crucial for customs and port authorities to verify the contents of a shipment. It provides transparency about the goods on board, helping prevent fraud or illegal activities.

31. Displacement ⚓⚖️

Definition: The weight of water a ship displaces when it is floating, which corresponds to the ship’s total weight.
Example: “The ship’s displacement is over 100,000 tons, including the cargo and crew.”
Explanation: Displacement refers to the total weight of a ship, including the hull, fuel, cargo, crew, and other factors. It’s a key measurement used to determine the ship’s buoyancy and stability in the water.

32. Double Hull 🛳️🛠️

Definition: A ship design where the vessel has two layers of watertight hull surfaces for added protection against leaks or damage.
Example: “Modern oil tankers are built with a double hull to reduce the risk of environmental disasters.”
Explanation: Double hulls are especially important for tankers carrying hazardous materials, as they provide an extra layer of protection in case of a breach, reducing the risk of spills or environmental damage.

33. Heave To 🌊🛑

Definition: A maneuver used to slow down a ship or bring it to a standstill in heavy weather conditions.
Example: “In rough seas, we had to heave to and wait for the storm to pass.”
Explanation: Heaving to is a safety measure used during storms or emergencies to stabilize a vessel and reduce its forward motion. This maneuver allows the ship to ride out rough seas without putting the crew or vessel at risk.

34. Nautical Mile 🌍🛳️

Definition: A unit of distance used in maritime and aviation, equal to approximately 1.15 land miles (1.85 kilometers).
Example: “The ship traveled 500 nautical miles before arriving at the next port.”
Explanation: Nautical miles are used in navigation because they correspond closely to one minute of latitude on the Earth’s surface, making it easier to calculate distances on sea charts.

35. Ship Chandlers 🛒⚓

Definition: Suppliers who provide ships with provisions, fuel, equipment, and other necessary supplies while in port.
Example: “We need to contact the ship chandler to restock provisions for the next voyage.”
Explanation: Ship chandlers are essential service providers, offering everything from food and water to specialized equipment for vessels while they are in port. They help ensure ships are well-prepared for their next journey.

36. Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) 📊🛳️

Definition: A device that records data about a ship’s operation, similar to an airplane’s black box, used for investigations after incidents or accidents.
Example: “The VDR will help us understand what happened during the collision.”
Explanation: VDRs record important navigational data, including speed, heading, and communications, and are used in accident investigations to reconstruct the events leading up to an incident.

37. Tonnage ⚖️⛴️

Definition: A measure of the size or cargo-carrying capacity of a ship, often based on volume rather than weight.
Example: “The ship’s tonnage determines how much cargo it can legally carry.”
Explanation: Tonnage is used to describe both the size of a ship and its cargo capacity. Gross tonnage (GT) refers to the ship’s internal volume, while deadweight tonnage (DWT) measures how much weight the ship can carry.

38. Under Keel Clearance (UKC) 🛳️📏

Definition: The vertical distance between the lowest point of a ship’s keel and the seabed or riverbed.
Example: “We need to check the under keel clearance before entering this shallow channel.”
Explanation: UKC is a critical safety measure to ensure that the ship does not run aground when navigating shallow waters. Maintaining adequate clearance helps prevent damage to the ship’s hull and propellers.

39. Allision ⚓🚢

Definition: When a moving vessel collides with a stationary object, such as a pier or another ship at anchor.
Example: “The vessel’s allision with the dock caused significant damage to both the pier and the ship.”
Explanation: Allision is distinct from a collision, which occurs between two moving vessels. Allisions typically involve damages to both the vessel and the fixed structure and can result in significant costs for repairs and liability.

40. Marine Salvage 🚨⚓

Definition: The process of recovering a ship, cargo, or other property after it has been lost at sea, usually involving specialized equipment and expertise.
Example: “The marine salvage operation was successful in recovering the sunken vessel and its cargo.”
Explanation: Marine salvage operations can range from rescuing stranded ships to recovering sunken vessels or lost cargo. Salvage often involves high risks and costs but is crucial for minimizing losses and environmental damage.

41. Draft Restriction ⚖️🌊

Definition: A limitation on the depth a ship can safely navigate in certain waters due to shallow depths or harbor infrastructure.
Example: “Due to draft restrictions at the port, we need to partially offload the cargo before docking.”
Explanation: Draft restrictions are important for ensuring that ships don’t run aground when entering or leaving ports. Ships with deeper drafts must take these restrictions into account when planning their routes.

42. Flag of Convenience 🚩⛴️

Definition: The practice of registering a ship in a country other than the country of ownership to benefit from more favorable regulations.
Example: “Many shipping companies choose to fly a flag of convenience to reduce operational costs and taxes.”
Explanation: Shipowners often register vessels under foreign flags (flags of convenience) to take advantage of lenient labor laws, lower taxes, or fewer regulatory requirements. Panama, Liberia, and the Marshall Islands are popular flag states.

43. In Ballast ⚖️💧

Definition: When a ship is traveling without cargo, but carrying ballast water to maintain stability.
Example: “The vessel is currently in ballast and will pick up cargo at the next port of call.”
Explanation: Ships in ballast carry water in their ballast tanks to provide stability when not transporting cargo. This helps ensure safe navigation, especially in rough seas.

44. Mooring 🪢⚓

Definition: The process of securing a ship to a fixed structure, such as a dock, using ropes or chains.
Example: “The ship is moored at the pier, ready for loading operations.”
Explanation: Mooring keeps a ship in place while docked, allowing for safe loading, unloading, or refueling. Proper mooring is essential to prevent the ship from drifting due to wind or currents.

45. Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off) 🚗🛳️

Definition: A type of ship designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, and trailers, that can roll on and off the vessel.
Example: “The Ro-Ro vessel will be loaded with trucks and heavy machinery for transport to Europe.”
Explanation: Ro-Ro ships are specialized vessels that make it easy to load and unload vehicles without the need for cranes. This type of vessel is widely used for transporting cars, trucks, and other wheeled vehicles.

46. Stevedore 🧑‍🏭⚓

Definition: A person or company responsible for loading and unloading cargo from ships in port.
Example: “The stevedores are working efficiently to load the containers onto the ship.”
Explanation: Stevedores play a critical role in port operations, managing the safe and efficient transfer of goods between the ship and the dock. Their work involves heavy machinery and skilled labor to handle different types of cargo.

47. Freight Rate 💰📦

Definition: The charge levied by a carrier for transporting cargo between two locations, often calculated based on weight, volume, or distance.
Example: “The freight rate for shipping the containers from Shanghai to Los Angeles has increased due to high demand.”
Explanation: Freight rates fluctuate based on supply and demand, fuel costs, and the type of cargo. It is one of the most important factors shippers consider when choosing carriers.

48. Gross Register Tonnage (GRT) ⚖️🚢

Definition: A measure of a ship’s internal volume, used to assess fees and regulatory requirements.
Example: “The port fees are calculated based on the ship’s gross register tonnage.”
Explanation: GRT is an older measurement of a ship’s volume, including all enclosed spaces. While it has largely been replaced by gross tonnage (GT), it’s still relevant in some regulatory and port fee contexts.

49. Marine Surveyor 🧑‍🔬⚓

Definition: A professional who inspects and assesses the condition, value, and safety of ships, cargo, and equipment.
Example: “The marine surveyor will inspect the vessel to ensure it meets safety standards.”
Explanation: Marine surveyors play an essential role in the shipping industry by inspecting vessels for damage, regulatory compliance, and seaworthiness. They provide detailed reports for insurance, purchase, or repair purposes.

50. Off-Hire 🚢📝

Definition: The period during which a chartered ship is not operational and, therefore, not earning hire for the shipowner.
Example: “The ship went off-hire for three days due to mechanical repairs.”
Explanation: When a vessel is off-hire, the charterer is no longer obligated to pay for its use, typically due to breakdowns, repairs, or unforeseen delays. The charter contract will specify the conditions under which a ship goes off-hire.

51. Starboard ⚓➡️

Definition: The right-hand side of a ship when facing forward (toward the bow).
Example: “The lifeboats are stored on the starboard side of the vessel.”
Explanation: Starboard is a fundamental directional term in maritime navigation, used to refer to the right side of the ship. It is critical for communication on the bridge and during navigation to avoid confusion.

52. Port (Direction) ⚓⬅️

Definition: The left-hand side of a ship when facing forward (toward the bow).
Example: “The cargo hatches are located on the port side of the ship.”
Explanation: Port is the opposite of starboard and refers to the left side of the ship. This term helps in providing clear directions and is universally understood in maritime operations.

53. Cargo Hold 📦🛳️

Definition: The interior space of a ship where cargo is stored during transit.
Example: “The cargo holds are being loaded with grain for export to Europe.”
Explanation: Cargo holds are large storage areas within the ship that protect cargo during voyages. These spaces are designed to safely carry bulk, liquid, or containerized cargo.

54. Draught (Draft) 🚢📏

Definition: The depth of water a ship needs to float, measured from the waterline to the bottom of the keel.
Example: “The ship’s draught is too deep to enter the shallow harbor.”
Explanation: Draught (or draft) is an important measurement for navigating through ports, rivers, and shallow waters. It ensures that a ship does not run aground by indicating how much of the ship is submerged.

55. Ship’s Agent 🧑‍💼📜

Definition: A representative responsible for handling the affairs of a ship in port, including customs, documentation, and supplies.
Example: “The ship’s agent has arranged for the crew’s shore leave and fuel resupply.”
Explanation: Ship agents act as intermediaries between the ship and the port, handling a variety of tasks such as coordinating port services, customs clearance, and cargo handling to ensure smooth operations during a ship’s stay.

56. Bunkering ⛽⚓

Definition: The process of supplying fuel to a ship.
Example: “The ship is bunkering in Singapore before continuing its journey to the Middle East.”
Explanation: Bunkering is a critical operation for all vessels, ensuring they have enough fuel for their voyages. It typically takes place while the ship is in port, and proper procedures are followed to prevent spills and ensure safety.

57. Fixture 📝📦

Definition: The finalization of a contract for the charter or hire of a ship.
Example: “We’ve confirmed the fixture for the ship to transport goods from Brazil to China.”
Explanation: A fixture refers to the binding agreement between a shipowner and a charterer for the use of a vessel. It outlines the terms of the charter, including freight rates, laytime, and the specific route.

58. Gangway 🚶‍♂️🚢

Definition: A movable bridge or ramp used to board or disembark from a ship.
Example: “The gangway is secured, and the crew can now safely disembark.”
Explanation: A gangway provides safe access for crew, passengers, and stevedores to move between the ship and the shore. It’s especially important when the ship is moored at the dock.

59. Nautical Almanac 📅🌍

Definition: A publication that provides essential astronomical data for marine navigation, including positions of the sun, moon, planets, and stars.
Example: “The captain uses the nautical almanac to calculate the ship’s position while at sea.”
Explanation: The nautical almanac is a critical tool for celestial navigation, helping mariners calculate their position at sea based on the stars and other celestial bodies. It’s particularly useful for long-distance ocean voyages.

60. Berth 🛏️🚢

Definition: A designated space at a port where a ship can dock, or a bed/space for crew members to sleep on the ship.
Example: “We’ve secured a berth at the port, and the ship will dock tomorrow.”
Explanation: Berth can refer to both the space where a ship is docked and a crew member’s sleeping quarters on the vessel. In port operations, securing a berth is key for scheduling unloading/loading operations.

61. Plimsoll Line 🚢📏

Definition: A marking on a ship’s hull indicating the maximum safe loading level under different water conditions.
Example: “We need to ensure the cargo doesn’t exceed the Plimsoll line to avoid overloading.”
Explanation: The Plimsoll line ensures that a ship is not overloaded, as overloading can be dangerous and lead to sinking. Different marks indicate the safe loading depth in various water types (e.g., fresh water vs. salt water).

62. Charterer 💼⚓

Definition: The individual or company that hires a ship or its cargo space for a specified voyage or period.
Example: “The charterer is responsible for ensuring the cargo is ready for loading within the agreed laytime.”
Explanation: A charterer rents a vessel to transport cargo or passengers. Depending on the agreement, they may have operational control over the ship during the charter period.

63. Hatchway 🚢📦

Definition: An opening in the deck of a ship used for loading and unloading cargo.
Example: “The crew is preparing the hatchway to load containers into the cargo hold.”
Explanation: Hatchways provide access to the cargo holds below deck, and their covers must be properly secured during voyages to protect the cargo from water damage.

64. Dead Reckoning 🧭🌊

Definition: A navigation method used to calculate a ship’s position based on its previous location, speed, and course.
Example: “When GPS failed, the navigator used dead reckoning to estimate the ship’s position.”
Explanation: Dead reckoning is a fundamental navigation technique, especially when modern instruments like GPS aren’t available. It relies on calculating direction and speed over time to estimate the current position.

65. AIS (Automatic Identification System) 📡🚢

Definition: A system that automatically transmits a ship’s location, speed, and course to other ships and coastal authorities.
Example: “The AIS shows several vessels nearby, so we should adjust our course to avoid collisions.”
Explanation: AIS helps prevent collisions at sea by sharing real-time information between ships. It’s required for most commercial vessels and is used by coastguards and port authorities to monitor traffic.

66. Dredging 🚜🌊

Definition: The process of removing sediment and debris from the bottom of waterways to maintain or increase the depth for safe navigation.
Example: “The port is undergoing dredging to allow larger ships to dock safely.”
Explanation: Dredging is essential for maintaining deep enough water levels in ports, channels, and harbors to accommodate larger vessels, ensuring safe passage and docking.

67. Lashing 🪢📦

Definition: Securing cargo on a ship with ropes, cables, or chains to prevent movement during transit.
Example: “Ensure all containers are properly lashed to avoid shifting during rough seas.”
Explanation: Lashing is crucial for securing cargo and preventing it from shifting while at sea, which could damage the goods or destabilize the ship.

68. No-Sail Zone ⛔🌊

Definition: An area of the sea where ships are not allowed to sail, often for safety, military, or environmental reasons.
Example: “The captain rerouted the ship to avoid the no-sail zone due to military exercises in the area.”
Explanation: No-sail zones are designated by governments or international organizations to protect certain areas or for security purposes. Ships must be aware of these zones when planning routes.

69. Hull 🚢⚒️

Definition: The main body of a ship, including the bottom, sides, and deck, but not the masts, engines, or superstructure.
Example: “The ship’s hull was reinforced during its last maintenance to improve durability.”
Explanation: The hull is the primary structure of a ship, designed to keep the vessel afloat. It’s crucial for withstanding the pressures of the sea and protecting the cargo and crew inside.

70. Transit Time ⏱️🚢

Definition: The amount of time it takes for a ship to travel from its departure point to its destination.
Example: “The transit time for this route is estimated to be 15 days, depending on weather conditions.”
Explanation: Transit time is an essential factor in shipping logistics, affecting delivery schedules and costs. Accurate estimates help businesses plan for inventory and supply chain operations.

71. Bulk Carrier 🚢📦

Definition: A ship designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and cement, in its cargo holds.
Example: “The bulk carrier is loading iron ore for shipment to China.”
Explanation: Bulk carriers are specialized vessels used for transporting large quantities of loose, unpackaged goods. These ships are commonly used for transporting commodities and raw materials.

72. Pilotage 🚤⚓

Definition: The act of guiding a ship through difficult or congested waters, often performed by a licensed pilot familiar with local conditions.
Example: “Pilotage is mandatory when navigating through the narrow channel to reach the port.”
Explanation: Pilots, with local expertise, guide ships safely through areas that may be difficult to navigate, such as busy ports or narrow waterways. They are crucial for preventing accidents in congested areas.

73. Liner Shipping 🛳️📦

Definition: A type of shipping where ships operate on regular routes and schedules between set ports, carrying various cargoes.
Example: “The liner shipping company operates weekly services between Europe and the U.S.”
Explanation: Liner shipping follows fixed schedules and routes, offering regular services to shippers. This method is efficient for transporting goods between major trading hubs.

74. Stern 🚢⬅️

Definition: The back (aft) part of a ship.
Example: “The crew is working at the stern to inspect the propeller before departure.”
Explanation: The stern is the rear section of a vessel, opposite the bow. It is where the ship’s propulsion systems, such as propellers, are typically located.

75. Bow 🚢➡️

Definition: The front part of a ship.
Example: “The ship’s bow cut through the rough waves as we sailed into the open sea.”
Explanation: The bow is the front section of the vessel, designed to reduce resistance as the ship moves through the water.

76. Consolidation 📦🤝

Definition: The process of combining smaller shipments from multiple shippers into a single shipment to reduce shipping costs.
Example: “We used consolidation services to lower the shipping costs by combining our cargo with others.”
Explanation: Consolidation allows multiple shipments to be grouped together, optimizing cargo space and reducing the cost of transportation, especially for smaller loads.

77. Shipbreaking 🛠️⚓

Definition: The process of dismantling and recycling old ships that are no longer fit for service.
Example: “The aging vessel was sent to a shipbreaking yard for dismantling and recycling.”
Explanation: Shipbreaking involves taking apart ships that have reached the end of their service life. The materials, such as steel, are recycled, but the process can pose environmental risks if not managed properly.

78. Tender 🛳️🛥️

Definition: A smaller vessel used to transport people or supplies to and from a ship that is anchored offshore.
Example: “We used the tender to ferry crew members from the anchored ship to the dock.”
Explanation: Tenders are essential for ships that cannot dock directly at a port. They allow for the transport of passengers, supplies, or cargo when the ship is anchored or moored at a distance.

79. Salvage Rights 🛟⚓

Definition: The legal rights a salvor has to claim a reward for successfully rescuing a ship or its cargo in peril.
Example: “The crew was granted salvage rights after recovering the stranded vessel and its valuable cargo.”
Explanation: Salvage rights are a form of compensation given to those who assist in saving a ship or its cargo from danger. The salvor is entitled to a reward, often based on the value of the saved property.

80. Anchorage ⚓🌊

Definition: A location in a harbor or other body of water where a ship can anchor safely.
Example: “We’ll wait at the anchorage until a berth becomes available at the port.”
Explanation: An anchorage is a designated area where ships can drop anchor and wait for further instructions, such as loading or unloading at a nearby port. These areas are chosen for their safety and shelter from strong currents or winds.

81. Draft Survey ⚖️📏

Definition: A method used to calculate the weight of cargo by measuring how much a ship sinks in the water after loading.
Example: “A draft survey was conducted to determine the accurate weight of the bulk cargo.”
Explanation: Draft surveys are commonly used in bulk shipping to estimate cargo weight without physically weighing it, by comparing the ship’s displacement before and after loading.

82. Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) ⚖️🚢

Definition: The total weight a ship can safely carry, including cargo, fuel, crew, and provisions, without exceeding its maximum draft.
Example: “The ship has a deadweight tonnage of 70,000 tons, meaning it can carry a full load of cargo and fuel without overloading.”
Explanation: DWT is a key metric for determining how much a ship can carry while staying afloat, encompassing all items on board including cargo and consumables.

83. Cargo Manifest 📜🚛

Definition: A detailed document listing all the cargo on board, its origin, destination, and any relevant details for customs.
Example: “The cargo manifest was submitted to the customs office before unloading the containers.”
Explanation: A cargo manifest provides an itemized list of all goods on board, serving as an official record for customs and port authorities to verify and track shipments.

84. Ship Registry 📄🚢

Definition: The process of registering a ship under the laws of a specific country, which governs the vessel’s legal status and nationality.
Example: “The vessel is registered under the Liberian flag, making it subject to that country’s regulations.”
Explanation: A ship’s registry determines its flag state, under which it operates, and the legal framework it must follow. Many ships are registered under “flags of convenience” for more favorable regulatory environments.

85. Ballast 💧⚓

Definition: Water or other weight added to a ship’s ballast tanks to stabilize the vessel when it is not carrying cargo.
Example: “The ship is taking on ballast water to maintain balance during the empty return trip.”
Explanation: Ballast helps stabilize a ship, especially when it is not carrying cargo. Proper ballast management is also essential to prevent environmental impacts, as ballast water can carry invasive species when discharged in foreign waters.

86. Hatch Cover 🚢🛠️

Definition: A covering placed over the hatch of a cargo hold to prevent water from entering the ship.
Example: “The crew secured the hatch covers to protect the cargo from getting wet during the voyage.”
Explanation: Hatch covers are crucial for protecting cargo in the hold from exposure to weather and water. They must be properly sealed to ensure the safety and integrity of the cargo.

87. Laycan 📅🛳️

Definition: The range of dates within which a ship must arrive at the loading port, as agreed in the charter party.
Example: “The laycan for the vessel is from July 5 to July 10, meaning it must arrive within this period.”
Explanation: Laycan (laydays and cancelling) specifies the time window in which the ship must be ready to load cargo. Arriving outside this window may result in penalties or cancellation of the charter.

88. Fouling 🦠🚢

Definition: The accumulation of marine organisms, such as algae or barnacles, on the hull of a ship, which increases drag and fuel consumption.
Example: “The ship’s hull is undergoing cleaning to remove fouling, which has slowed it down.”
Explanation: Fouling occurs when marine growth attaches to a ship’s hull, leading to increased fuel use and slower speeds. Regular cleaning or the use of anti-fouling coatings can prevent this issue.

89. Draft Restriction ⚖️🛳️

Definition: A limitation on the depth a ship can safely navigate due to shallow waters or port infrastructure.
Example: “The draft restriction in this channel is 10 meters, so we need to ensure the ship’s draft stays below that.”
Explanation: Draft restrictions are imposed in areas where the water depth is limited, ensuring that ships don’t run aground. These restrictions are important for safe navigation and port entry.

90. Voyage Charter 📜🚢

Definition: A contract where a ship is hired for a single voyage to transport specific cargo between two or more ports.
Example: “The ship was hired under a voyage charter to carry coal from Australia to Japan.”
Explanation: In a voyage charter, the shipowner agrees to transport a particular cargo on a single journey, and the payment is based on the amount of cargo carried and the distance traveled.

91. Load Line 🌊📏

Definition: A line marked on the side of a ship showing the maximum depth to which the vessel can be safely loaded.
Example: “The load line indicates how deep the ship can sit in the water without risking overloading.”
Explanation: The load line, also known as the Plimsoll line, ensures that ships are not overloaded, maintaining safety by marking the ship’s maximum allowable draft in varying water conditions.

92. Suezmax 🚢🌍

Definition: A ship of the maximum size that can pass through the Suez Canal, typically a tanker with a deadweight of around 150,000 tons.
Example: “The Suezmax tanker passed through the canal en route to Europe.”
Explanation: Suezmax refers to the largest ship dimensions that can transit the Suez Canal without restrictions, making it an important classification for global trade routes.

93. Panamax 🚢⚓

Definition: A vessel size classification for ships that are able to pass through the original locks of the Panama Canal, with a maximum width of about 32.31 meters.
Example: “The Panamax bulk carrier is scheduled to transit the Panama Canal with grain shipments.”
Explanation: Panamax vessels are built to the maximum size that can navigate the Panama Canal’s original locks, making them a standard for global trade, especially for routes involving this key waterway.

94. Feeder Vessel 🛳️🔄

Definition: A smaller vessel that carries cargo to and from large ships, typically from a hub port to smaller regional ports.
Example: “The cargo was loaded onto a feeder vessel for transport to smaller regional ports.”
Explanation: Feeder vessels play a critical role in global shipping logistics by transporting cargo between larger ships at major hubs and smaller ports that cannot accommodate the larger vessels.

95. Freeboard 🚢📏

Definition: The distance between the waterline and the lowest point of a ship’s deck.
Example: “A low freeboard can increase the risk of waves washing over the deck.”
Explanation: Freeboard is an important safety factor, as it affects the ship’s stability and its ability to navigate rough seas. The higher the freeboard, the more resistant the ship is to taking on water.

96. Breakbulk 🛠️📦

Definition: Cargo that is loaded individually rather than in containers, usually consisting of large or heavy items like machinery or vehicles.
Example: “The port specializes in handling breakbulk cargo such as industrial machinery and construction materials.”
Explanation: Breakbulk shipping involves moving goods that cannot fit into containers due to their size or shape. These items are typically loaded and unloaded manually or with special equipment.

97. Demise Charter 📝🚢

Definition: A charter agreement in which the charterer takes full control of the ship, including hiring the crew and assuming all operational responsibilities.
Example: “Under the demise charter, the charterer is responsible for the vessel’s crew and maintenance.”
Explanation: In a demise charter, the shipowner hands over the ship entirely to the charterer, who becomes responsible for the ship’s operation and upkeep for the charter period.

98. Fathom 🌊📏

Definition: A unit of length equal to six feet, used to measure the depth of water.
Example: “The sea depth is 10 fathoms, which is safe for the ship’s draft.”
Explanation: Fathoms are traditionally used in maritime navigation to measure water depth. Knowing the depth is essential for safe navigation, especially in shallow or unfamiliar waters.

99. Floating Dock ⚓🛠️

Definition: A type of dock that can be submerged to allow ships to be floated in and then raised to lift the ship out of the water for maintenance or repairs.
Example: “The ship is entering the floating dock for hull repairs and a repaint.”
Explanation: Floating docks are essential for performing ship repairs, particularly to parts of the hull that are normally submerged. They allow ships to be lifted out of the water without being towed to a dry dock.

100. Draught Marks 📏🚢

Definition: Numbers painted on the hull of a ship that indicate the depth of the water at the ship’s keel.
Example: “The draught marks show that the ship is safely within the allowable depth for this channel.”
Explanation: Draught marks help determine how deeply the ship is sitting in the water, which is important for ensuring the vessel isn’t overloaded and that it can navigate safely in shallow waters.